Does the Child Penalty Strike Twice, and If So Why?

Arbeitspapier

This paper compares the labor market impact of grandparents before and after the arrival of the first grandchild. We show that grandmothers' labor market outcomes decline more steeply than grandfathers' after the first grandchild's arrival, leading to a 4-10 percent gender earnings gap 5-10 years later. The child penalty is shifted across generations to grandmothers with low education, but daycare availability only affects child penalties. Gender biases towards older women's work are a contributing factor to the disparity in earnings between grandmothers and grandfathers after the arrival of the first grandchild.

Object Details

• Language: Englisch

References and Relationships

• Bibliographic citation: Series: IZA Discussion Papers ; No. 16557

Classification and Topics

• Classification: Wirtschaft ; Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth ; Economics of the Elderly; Economics of the Handicapped; Non-labor Market Discrimination ; Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination ; Time Allocation and Labor Supply
• Subject: grandchildren ; female labor supply ; gender ; inequality ; retirement

Contributors, Places and Time

• Event: Geistige Schöpfung
• (who): Gørtz, Mette ; Sander, Sarah ; Sevilla, Almudena
• Event: Veröffentlichung
• (who): Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
• (where): Bonn
• (when): 2023

Further information

• Handle: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/282684
• Last update: 10.03.2025, 11:41 AM CET