Recent advances in autoimmune encephalitis

Abstract: Since the description of autoimmune encephalitis (AE) associated with N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibodies (anti-NMDARE) in 2007, more than 12 other clinical syndromes and antibodies have been reported. In this article, we review recent advances in pathophysiology, genetics, diagnosis pitfalls, and clinical phenotypes of AE associated with cell surface antibodies and anti-GAD associated neurological syndromes. Genetic studies reported human leukocyte antigen (HLA) associations for anti-LGI1, anti-Caspr2, anti-IgLON5, and anti-GAD. Follow-up studies characterized cognitive dysfunction, psychiatric symptoms, sleep disorders, and adaptative behavior dysfunction, mainly for anti-NMDARE. Late-onset anti-NMDARE and anti- GABA-B receptor (GABA-BR) encephalitis patients were described to have worse prognoses and different tumor associations. Additionally, the clinical spectrum of anti-LGI1, anti-AMPAR, anti-CASPR2, and anti-IgLON5 was expanded, comprising new differential diagnoses. The diagnostic criteria for AE were adapted to the pediatric population, and a diagnostic algorithm was proposed, considering potential mimics and misdiagnosis. We also review the limitations of commercial assays for AE and treatment recommendations, as well as clinical scales for short and long-term assessment of AE patients, along with cognitive evaluation.

Object Details

• Alternative title: Avanços recentes em encefalite autoimune
• Location: Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Frankfurt am Main
• Extent: Online-Ressource
• Language: Englisch

References and Relationships

• Bibliographic citation: Recent advances in autoimmune encephalitis ; volume:82 ; number:12 ; year:2024 ; pages:001-013 ; Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria ; 82, Heft 12 (2024), 001-013

Contributors, Places and Time

• Contributor: Ferreira, João Henrique Fregadolli ; Disserol, Caio César Diniz ; de Freitas Dias, Bruna ; Marques, Alexandre Coelho ; Cardoso, Marina Driemeier ; Silva, Pedro Victor de Castro ; Toso, Fabio Fieni ; Dutra, Lívia Almeida

Further information

• DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1793933
• URN: urn:nbn:de:101:1-2502131050027.116559765862
• Rights: Open Access; Der Zugriff auf das Objekt ist unbeschränkt möglich.
• Last update: 15.08.2025, 7:25 AM CEST