Arbeitspapier
Class Warfare: Political Exclusion of the Poor and the Roots of Social-Revolutionary Terrorism, 1860-1950
We examine the effect of class cleavages on terrorist activity by anarchist and leftist terrorist groups in 99 American, Asian and European countries over the 1860-1950 period. We find that higher levels of political exclusion of the poor, our main measure of class conflict, were associated with higher levels of social-revolutionary terrorist activity during this time period. This finding is robust to an instrumental-variable approach and a battery of additional robustness checks. We argue that class cleavages – in the form of the monopolization of political power by the rich – perpetuated and exacerbated the socio-economic ordeal of the poor, while simultaneously curtailing their means to effect relief in the ordinary political process. Consistent with our expectations, this provoked terrorist violence by groups whose ideological orientation highlighted concerns over class conflict, economic equality and the political participation of the poor. Indeed, our empirical analysis also shows that terrorist groups motivated by other ideologies (e.g. extreme nationalism) did not respond to political exclusion of the poor in the same manner, which further emphasizes the role of ideological inclinations in the terrorist response to class antagonisms.
- Sprache
-
Englisch
- Erschienen in
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Series: CESifo Working Paper ; No. 9118
- Klassifikation
-
Wirtschaft
Conflict; Conflict Resolution; Alliances; Revolutions
Economic History: Government, War, Law, International Relations, and Regulation: General, International, or Comparative
- Thema
-
terrorism
social-revolutionary terrorism
political exclusion of the poor
instrumental-variable approach
- Ereignis
-
Geistige Schöpfung
- (wer)
-
Klotzbücher, Valentin
Krieger, Tim
Meierrieks, Daniel
- Ereignis
-
Veröffentlichung
- (wer)
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Center for Economic Studies and Ifo Institute (CESifo)
- (wo)
-
Munich
- (wann)
-
2021
- Handle
- Letzte Aktualisierung
-
10.03.2025, 11:46 MEZ
Datenpartner
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Objekttyp
- Arbeitspapier
Beteiligte
- Klotzbücher, Valentin
- Krieger, Tim
- Meierrieks, Daniel
- Center for Economic Studies and Ifo Institute (CESifo)
Entstanden
- 2021
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