Arbeitspapier

China's rare earths dominance and policy responses

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Rare earth elements (REEs) have many uses in the energy and defence industries, among others, and demand for them is set to increase rapidly in support of the low-carbon energy transition. Although the REEs are not geologically rare, China dominates the supply chain, accounting for 70% of global rare earth ore extraction and 90% of rare earth ore processing. Notably, China is the only large-scale producer of heavy rare earth ores. This dominance has been achieved through decades of state investment, export controls, cheap labour and low environmental standards. In light of the growing demand for REEs, industrialised countries have started to develop strategies to reduce REE supply chain risks. Measures include promoting the opening of new mines and processing plants - including in third countries - technology measures to reduce demand for REEs, recycling, and international collaboration. Whilst these steps are likely to yield benefits in the long-term, the lead times for most of these initiatives will prevent China's dominance of REE supply chains being significantly diminished before 2030.

ISBN
978-1-78467-208-9
Sprache
Englisch

Erschienen in
Series: OIES Paper: CE ; No. 7

Klassifikation
Wirtschaft
Thema
China
electric vehicles
energy security
Energy Transition
rare earth elements
wind turbines

Ereignis
Geistige Schöpfung
(wer)
Andrews-Speed, Philip
Hove, Anders
Ereignis
Veröffentlichung
(wer)
The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies
(wo)
Oxford
(wann)
2023

Handle
Letzte Aktualisierung
10.03.2025, 11:45 MEZ

Datenpartner

Dieses Objekt wird bereitgestellt von:
ZBW - Deutsche Zentralbibliothek für Wirtschaftswissenschaften - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft. Bei Fragen zum Objekt wenden Sie sich bitte an den Datenpartner.
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Objekttyp

  • Arbeitspapier

Beteiligte

  • Andrews-Speed, Philip
  • Hove, Anders
  • The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies

Entstanden

  • 2023

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